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Trolleybuses in Valparaíso, Chile, have provided a portion of the public transit service since 1952. The trolleybus system is the second-oldest in South America.〔Murray, Alan (2000). ''World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia'', pp. 51, 81. Yateley, Hampshire, UK: Trolleybooks. ISBN 0-904235-18-1.〕 The originally state-owned system has been privately owned since 1982, and since 1994 it has been Chile's only operational trolleybus system. Almost two-thirds of its vehicles were built in 1946–52 by the Pullman-Standard Company, and they are the oldest trolleybuses in regular service anywhere in the world.〔Webb, Mary (ed.) (2009). ''Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2009-2010'', pp. 65–66. Coulsdon, Surrey (UK): Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2903-6.〕〔''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 281 (September–October 2008), p. 110. National Trolleybus Association (UK). ISSN 0266-7452.〕〔(The Trolleybuses of Latin America in 2011 ). Allen Morrison. 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-14.〕 Those vehicles were collectively declared a national monument by the Chilean government in 2003.〔〔 They helped the city gain its designation by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site,〔 and have been called "a heritage sight in their own right" by at least one travel writer. In 1991–1992 the system acquired several secondhand trolleybuses from four Swiss cities. Even these vehicles, already old at the time of acquisition, have become historic in their continued service after some 45–50 years, with 1959-built ex-Zürich number 105 being the oldest articulated trolleybus of any make still in service on any trolleybus system worldwide.〔''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 252 (November–December 2003), p. 131.〕〔''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 296 (March–April 2011), pp. 39–40.〕 The Valparaíso trolleybus system has become one of the icons of the city, considered an important part of its cultural heritage.〔(Al rescate de los trolebuses (To the rescue of the trolleybuses) ) (editorial). ''El Mercurio'', 28 August 2002. Retrieved 2011-03-14.〕〔''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 275 (September–October 2007), pp. 109–110.〕 Many ''porteños'' – as residents of this port city commonly call themselves – are fond of their city's distinctive and historic trolleybus service and have spoken up in its defense when the system has come under threat of closure.〔〔 The private operating company receives no government subsidy, and at times it has struggled financially, putting the system in danger of being closed. One such occasion, the company's announcement in May 2007 of imminent closure plans, brought an outcry from local citizens, and even Chile's president, Michelle Bachelet, expressed support for keeping the trolleybuses going.〔〔 Trolleybuses currently serve only one route, numbered 802 in a regional transportation plan implemented in 2007, Monday through Saturday, from about 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. There is no service on Sundays. Route 802 connects Barón with Aduana via Avenida Colón and other streets and is about long. The system is currently owned and operated by ''Trolebuses de Chile, S.A.'' Locally, the vehicles are often referred to as ''troles'' (trolleys), as opposed to ''trolebuses''.〔Morrison, Allen (May–June 1986). "The Trolleybuses of Valparaíso, Chile". ''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 147, pp. 50–55.〕 ==History== Trolleybus service was inaugurated on 31 December 1952, as the country's second trolleybus system, after one that had opened in the capital, Santiago, in 1947. The Santiago system closed in 1978, and a second system that opened there in 1991 lasted only until 1994.〔〔(The Trolleybuses of Santiago, Chile, Part B ) (detailed history, 1991–1994). Allen Morrison. 2006. Retrieved 2011-03-14.〕 Trolleybuses replaced Valparaíso's last tram (streetcar) service, which had been introduced in 1863 as a horse-drawn street railway, one of the first in South America, and been converted to electric trams in 1904.〔Morrison, Allen (1992). (''The Tramways of Chile'' ), pp. 31–33, 49. New York: Bonde Press. ISBN 0-9622348-2-6.〕 The last tram ran on 30 December 1952, and trolleybus service began the following day,〔 on a route connecting Barón with Plaza Victoria. Only eight days later, on 7 January 1953, the route was extended from Plaza Victoria to Aduana. The eastern half of this first Barón–Aduana route followed Avenida Pedro Montt, but a second route connecting the same two termini but following Avenida Colón was introduced in February 1953.〔(The Trolleybuses of Valparaíso, Chile, Part A ) (detailed history). Allen Morrison. 2006. Retrieved 2011-03-14.〕 The western half of both routes was identical. The Avenida Colón route has remained in operation to the present day. For many years, the Santiago and Valparaíso trolleybus systems were owned by the national government. Their original operator was the ''Empresa Nacional de Transportes'' (ENT), which had taken over the tram systems in both cities in 1945. ENT was reorganized on 2 May 1953 as a new government agency, ''Empresa de Transportes Colectivos del Estado'' (ETCE), which then ran the system for the next 28 years. Both cities' systems used vehicles built by the American manufacturer, Pullman-Standard. For Valparaíso, ENT had purchased 30 new trolleybuses from Pullman. Although Pullman – better known for its railway coaches – was a major U.S. builder of trolleybuses, manufacturing more than 2,000 in total, the 30 for Valparaíso were the very last trolleybuses the company ever built.〔Morgan, Steve (1987). "Twin poles in South America". ''Traction Yearbook '87'', p. 111. Merrick (NY), US: Traction Slides International. LCCN 81-649475.〕〔''Motor Coach Age'', July–September 1997, p. 35. Motor Bus Society (US). ISSN 0739-117X.〕〔Porter, Harry; and Worris, Stanley F.X. (1979). ''Trolleybus Bulletin No. 109: Databook II'', pp. 69–71. Louisville (KY): North American Trackless Trolley Association (defunct).〕 They were built in October and November 1952.〔 ETCE's Santiago system had a fleet of 100 Pullman trolleybuses (801–900), built in 1946 (the first six),〔''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 274 (July–August 2007), pp. 87 and 89.〕 1947 and 1948, expanded in 1953 by the acquisition of 100 trolleybuses supplied by the French company, Vétra (numbered 901–1000). In 1954, ETCE transferred 39 of the Santiago Pullmans to Valparaíso, for use on a new interurban route to Viña del Mar. Trolleybus service to Viña del Mar was inaugurated on 7 December 1959. However, the interurban service lasted less than five years, having already been abandoned by 1964, leaving trolleybuses in operation only within Valparaíso thereafter.〔 After the 1973 military coup, the new Pinochet administration reduced funding for government-run public transit, and the two trolleybus systems both deteriorated quickly.〔 ETCE abandoned its Santiago trolleybus system in the latter half of 1978. The Vetra trolleybuses had been less reliable and had all been scrapped by this time, but ETCE transferred its remaining Santiago Pullman trolleybuses to Valparaíso, where some were placed in service and the remainder provided a supply of parts to keep the others running.〔 The Valparaíso system struggled to maintain its now-elderly vehicles and infrastructure with limited funds, but eventually succumbed, closing on 30 November 1981.〔〔 However, a group of local businessmen interested in reviving the trolleybus service soon acquired the assets of the now-dissolved ''Empresa de Transportes del Estado''. On 26 April 1982 they formed a new company whose name intentionally used the same initials, ''Empresa de Transportes Colectivos Eléctricos, Limitada'' (Electric Public Transport Company, Ltd.) (ETCE, again), and within two weeks had restored the service, using the same vehicles.〔〔〔"20 trolebuses en busca de su pasado esplendor: Comenzó a operar empresa privada". ''La Estrella'', 6 May 1982.〕 Service continued to follow two routes, both connecting Barón with Aduana but alternatively via either Avenida Colón or Avenida Pedro Montt. The routes were not numbered.〔〔''Trolleybus Magazine'', various issues. National Trolleybus Association (UK). ISSN 0266-7452.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trolleybuses in Valparaíso」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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